Medieval Art Essay - 1064 Words

Medieval Art In the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The†¦show more content†¦The Carolingian style is of small dimensions. Most of this style pulls its influence from Byzantine artwork. â€Å"An explanation for the sudden change from Celto-Germanic styling can be attributed to the new minuscule form of writing, remarkable for its clarity and form† (Pioch). Metal work from this time period is rare although writings tell us that goldsmiths and enamel workers remained active. Romanesque The art of the Romanesque period was characterized by the revival of sculptures and fresco painting. These were common elements of architecture. Along with those architectural advancements the period produced frequent examples of realism as well as a heightened emphasis on emotion and fantasy. The crusades acted as a main contributor to this time period lending more religious and revolutionary imagery. Examples of Romanesque sculpture are dated back to the last decade of the eleventh century and then first decades of the twelfth. â€Å"The primary source of artistic patronage was provided by the monastic institutions, for whom sculptors executed large relief carvings for the decoration of church portals and richly ornate capitals for cloisters† (Cleaver 156) Another aspect of the Romanesque revival was the production of metalwork objects, of which many outstanding examples, such as crucifixes, reliquary shrines, and candlesticks, are still preserved in church treasu ries. It wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Medieval Art1111 Words   |  5 PagesIn the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle Ages can be dividedRead MoreRelationship Between Religion and Art in Medieval, Renaissance and Contemporary Times2657 Words   |  11 Pagesold belief that a perfect soul meant a perfect outward appearance (Smart 122). She is famous and celebrated, and is visited by Christians from every nation. In another part of the world, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili resides in the Brooklyn Art Museum. It is a painting of Mary atop a pile of elephant feces, the Virgin herself made with the same substance, while surrounded by cutouts from pornographic magazines. The work has stirred much controversy but today still sits in the museum for theRead MoreArt : Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art1248 Words   |  5 PagesArt Appreciation Name: Chadwick West Instructor: xxxxxxxxxxxx Course: Art Appreciation, ART 137 School: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx December 19, 2012 Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art Medieval art period Medieval art covers a large scope of time. The period covered over 1000 years of art in Europe, Middle East and North Africa. The period was characterized by major art movements based on national art and regional art. There was alsoRead MoreThe Heart : Reading And Writing The Medieval Subject976 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Heart: Reading and Writing the Medieval Subject†, written by Eric Jager, he states that in the world of visual art in the medieval era, â€Å"book of the heart† was a commonly used image. Mr. Jager point out the different trends the term â€Å"book of the heart† goes through. Focusing on how the term went from literal to a commonly used figurative phrase, he tries to show how a frequently used term made such an impact on the past and the present. Using medieval art, literature, and other authors’ worksRead MoreThe Importance Of Childhood In Medieval Art917 Words   |  4 Pagesearly paintings and pictures. Aries (1996) pointed out â€Å"Medieval art did until about the twelfth century did not know childhood or did not attempt to portray it† (p.33, which demonstrates that ancient artists did not view or assumed the value of childhood during the time. In this regard, this paper outlines how medieval art disregarded the importance of childhood by ignoring it and portraying children as a less important aspect of their art. Art is believed to have started way before the coming of ChristRead MoreEssay on Innovation During the Middle Ages 2066 Words   |  9 PagesThe Middle Ages, contrary to its name, was a dynamic period of innovations. Throughout this period, visual arts were employed to communicate important messages to the public as well as private wealthy patrons. A variety of mediums were used to disseminate ideas. Though, the sense of decorum shifted, the purpose of these moralizing images of religious figures remained the same. Art was, as it still is an extremely useful and powerful tool for both religious and political advancements. The two piecesRead MoreArt : An Important Center Of European Medieval Art1015 Words   |  5 PagesIt is amazing how something that is recognized as an important center of European Medieval art is looked upon by most of the world as a place where you can snap a cool picture of yourself ‘leaning’ on the Tower of Pisa. A place detailed, yet decayed†¦ a place with four monuments, yet recognized as one center†¦ a place representing life, yet death. The aura surrounding this square makes me just want to sit on the grass and read or write or think. I just want the stony intricate building to envelop myRead MoreEssay on Medieval vs. Renaissance Art887 Words   |  4 PagesMedieval vs. Renaissance Art Art during the Italian Renaissance differed from art during the Middle Ages. The two have contrasting characteristics and concepts. To the people in the medieval world, religion was their life. Everything in daily life focused around the church and God (Modern World 164). Medieval culture influenced the arts; this was evident in the religious themes. During the Italian Renaissance, painters and other artists focused on the portrayal of a more humanistic way ofRead MoreEssay about The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts 1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval Synthesis in the Arts ca. (1000-1300) thirteen century Gothic Church. The Chartres Cathedral Church is one of the most important in France. After a fire in 1134 destroy the town of Chartres the west front of the cathedral. The rebuilding of the west facade between 1145-50. It was once known as Notre Dame de Chartres but today is known as Chartres Cathedral. This church has the essential parts of a Christian basilica. The cathedr al is locates in the town of Chartres, Northwester FranceRead MoreMedieval Art And Architecture Of The Gothic Architecture909 Words   |  4 PagesThe term Gothic comes from Giorgio Vaasari, he used the term to ridicule the medieval art and architecture. Putting the art aside, the architecture of the period was quite awesome, cathedrals stand today as a testament to this. The Gothic style was birthed in France as the Romanesque style evolved. The Saint-Denis was the first Gothic cathedral; it was designed Abbot Suger in 1144. Gothic Cathedrals were marvels in their time as they towered above the cities, they frequently reached over 150 meters

Vernacular Architecture Of The Past For The Future

RELATIONSHIP TO COUNTRY: †¨VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE PAST FOR THE FUTURE ________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Vernacular architecture, the simplest form of addressing human needs. Vernacular architecture originated when mankind was forced to make use of the natural resources around him, and provide himself shelter and comfort which is responsive to the climate. If anything to be taken from vernacular architecture, it provides a vital connection between humans and the environment. In this study Vernacular architecture could interchangeably understood as ‘ethno-architecture’ or ‘Aboriginal Architecture’. Paul Memmott defines Aboriginal ‘architecture’ as one that has been created and built by the users, adjusted as required to suit their own lifestyle and changing needs, and supportive of their own social organisation and interaction - all done with their own technologies, labour and skills, and drawing where appropriate on their custody traditions (Memmot,2007, p.4). The title ‘Aboriginal architecture’ has been reserved describing buildings which are concerned with the expression, representation and symbolic meaning of cultural identity for aboriginal people. The outcome of this paper is to study on the design approaches and concepts that are used in buildings that claims to be ‘Aborig inal’ include the use of models based on traditional Aboriginal shelters, representations of Dreamtime Ancestors, and interpretations ofShow MoreRelatedInteraction between Society, Economy and Environment1071 Words   |  4 Pagesthough villagers sell their own products to tourists and it will be a source of income for them but this economy factors influenced on their culture and the image of the village and made it a modern bazaar. It is proposed that for the sustainability future development in tourism in this area, planning should consider the inclusion of local people and their opinion. Factors that shape the context of now a days javaherdeh: Dwelling as a major part of city’s context, and as a character building elementRead MoreHistory Begins At Home : Remember1917 Words   |  8 Pagesconnection with the past, be it lives, deaths, victories, or losses. All that is required for something to be historic is for an idea of the past to be able to be constructed out of it. But limited resources force difficult decisions, and now the debate between preservationists, homeowners, and developers in regards to what is worthy of preservation is more embattled than ever. Perhaps the most prevalent of these controversies is that which surrounds vernacular architecture, or the physical recordRead More Architecture, Power, and National Identity Essay examples2166 Words   |  9 Pageseven at present day, Malaysia’s national identity remains unsettled. Architecture plays an important role in achieving national identity and this essay aims to discuss the significant events that transpire throughout the history of the country that contributed in shaping and altering Malaysian vernacular architecture as well as to examine why Malaysia’s national identity still remains unsettled. The role of vernacular architecture in the 21st century has been kept to a minimum, given the practiceRead MoreThe Influence Of Corbusier And India On Corbusier1498 Words   |  6 PagesCORBUSIER AND MODERNISM IN INDIA Exploring the Influence of Corbusier in India and India on Corbusier Post World War II, Indian architecture was already on its way towards modernism and was being shaped by western ideologies. After independence in 1947, the Indian government voted on the reconstruction of Chandigarh which was to be designed as a new idyllic city. Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki were first commissioned to design the city but after Nowicki suddenly died, in 1951 Le CorbusierRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1449 Words   |  6 Pageshis own brand of architecture that he could peddle to the masses and, after time, his corporate investors. The Walt Disney Company, has since become an empire, and from the help of Michael Eisner during the Disney decade, a brand that cannot be easily avoided. Its presence has sprung up world-wide with no indication of slowing. The parks have transformed into a vernacular that can set up shop in any international environment. Unlike the buildings we commonly design today, Disneyland’s have littleRead MoreThe Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center2950 Words   |  12 Pagespopulations. (Piano Building Workshop) The Center was built as an undertaking by the French Government during the negotiations of independence from France. The territory of New Caledonia wanted a Kanak Cultural Centre that would be dedicated to the future development of the culture as inspired by Jean-Marie Tjibaou. (Architectura) In 1990 as part of France’s president at the time, Francois Mitterrand’s â€Å"grand travaux† or â€Å"grand works†, an international invitation-only tender was established for theRead MoreDifferent Climatic Conditions For Marine Desert Areas6797 Words   |  28 Pagesclimatic conditions that cover Iraq (Baghdad Erbil) regions as well as the corresponding climate-responsive vernacular dwellings. And shows that neglect the vernacular architectural can have negative consequences not only at this time, but in the future too, and that will affect on the culture, society, economy and environment of the entire country then in a world. The vernacular architecture strategies differ from one country to the other, but sometimes were be similar due to the local climate toRead MoreEssay on Modern Architecture2477 Words   |  10 PagesAs some critics contended, postmodernism represents a break with the modernist notion that architecture should be technologically rational, austere and functional, discuss the ways in which one postmodern architect has developed strategies which overcome these tendencies. Juxtaposition is seen between the characteristics of early 20th century modern architecture and the artistic endeavours of postmodernism that followed. To represent the ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion the modernistRead MoreAnalyzing The Evangelist Portraits By The Codex Amiatinus1683 Words   |  7 Pagespage are considered as multivalent and exegetically sophisticated images that (re)present the structural concepts that embody and actualise the Church, simultaneously presenting them in its past, present and future iterations. Moving from the early scholarship that addressed the classical exemplars or vernacular idiom of the illuminated pages this paper will discuss the spatial and temporal complexities produced in the pages of Amiatinus. A fundamental aspect of the discussion is the locus of the sacredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Collage City 2305 Words   |  10 PagesColin Rowe and Fred Koetter co-authored the book Collage City which was published by the MIT press in 1978. The authors were both professors at the Cornell University at the time. Rowe is acknowledged as a major intellectual influence on world architecture and urbanism in the second half of the twentieth century and beyond. He is known for his non-linear comparisons of examples. In The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa (1947) in which he theorized that there were compositional rules in Palladio’s

Spaghetti Westerns Essay Research Paper Which is free essay sample

Spaghetti Westerns Essay, Research Paper Which is the cheesiest? The reply is reasonably obvious, but allow? s take a stopping point expression. ? Spaghetti Westerns, ? as their called, are a genre of western movies, that have been created or filmed in Italy and are meant to portray the? Wild West? of America. ? Macaroni Westerns, ? as I? ll name them, do up the traditional western genre, made in the United States. Let? s take a expression at the similarities and differences of these genres, and at two movies in peculiar that represent each genre ; The Good the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) and Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) , which most critics will hold, are great illustrations of each genre. Let? s start with the most obvious facet that differs in the two genres. ? Macaroni Westerns? are the cheesiest. These movies have are pure cheese. I can hardly sit through one of them. They have the typical characters ; the hero ( s ) , the bad cat ( s ) , the just maiden, and the far-out buddy ( s ) . These characters spout out cheesy lines, showing how good or how bad they are, but they linguistic communication ever remains basically clean. In the Spaghetti Westerns, the linguistic communication is a batch more diverse ( tonss of cursing ) . This is because each of these genres drama to a different audience. The? Macaroni Westerns? are household movies. They present right, incorrect, and have many ethical motives played out, such as, ? no affair how many bad people are seeking to kill you, you can take them all on if you wear a badge and talk like John Wayne. ? The? Macaroni Westerns? were typically household films, because it was typical Hollywood ( functioning to the multitudes, whatever sells large ) . Violence, profanity, and non holding blatantly evil and good characters, wasn? T merchandising at the clip, so we got? Macaroni. ? The ? Spaghetti Westerns, ? on the other manus, were non seeking to delight everybody. ( merely the Italian bullies ) Sure, these Westerns took a batch from the traditional Westerns, but they break off from the traditional? Macaroni Horse operas? in many ways. ( which we shall shortly see ) The? Spaghetti Westerns? drama to a more broad audience. They had a batch more originative autonomy. Let? s take a expression at the aforesaid movies in footings of secret plan, framing, redaction, sound and filming. The secret plan in Rio Bravo is your typical American western. It is a? struggle between civilized order and the lawless frontier. ? ( Bordwell/Thompson p.56 ) We have our heros and bad cats laid out before us in black and white. ? Colorado? is the typical hero who tries to remain out of the struggle and so finally sides with civilised order. ? Dude? is another hero who fallows the same way. Our bad cats are made obvious from the early minutes of the movie by agencies of a slaying. There isn? T much to inquire approximately. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, everything International Relations and Security Network? T laid out for us from the beginning. Our? good cat? International Relations and Security Network? T revealed till rather a ways into the movie. In this movie, we get a reasonably good thought who the worst cat is, but we are left to invariably inquire where one of the chief characters bases, or if he will finally go? good. ? We are forced to analyze each character more as they develop, to cognize who they are. In Rio Bravo, you don? T give it a 2nd idea. Rio Bravo introduces the secret plan motive at the really get downing. The bad cat is in gaol, and the heros have to maintain him at that place till the marshal arrives. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, the motive is revealed as the 200,000 dollars, but most of the characters wear? T know about it for half the movie. This movie seems to stretch things out like that. Now allow? s take a expression at the framing. In Rio Bravo, the framing seems to be really simple. The chief character is ever in the centre of the frame unless another character is coming into the frame. In The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there is much more usage lt ;< p>of set framing. Many scenes and sequences are framed through window, back streets and room accesss. This type of bordering seems to draw you into the movie much more. It creates bordering in the same manner that we frame things in the existent universe. Besides, in The Good the Bad and the Ugly, there are many more close ups than Rio Bravo, as good every bit many extreme close ups that let you catch little oculus and facial motions. Following Lashkar-e-Taiba? s discuss redacting. The Good the Bad and the Ugly have, in general, much longer shootings than Rio Bravo does. These highly long shootings are set together into highly long scenes ; once more, much longer than Rio Bravo. Both of these movies use great sums of continuity redacting. That? s about every bit far as Rio Bravo goes. The Good the Bad and the Ugly, goes much further with it? s usage of in writing redacting. One sees in writing lucifers once more and once more in this movie. One great usage of in writing matching occurs when a character points his gun towards the camera, so that we stare down the barrel, so the movie cuts to a cannon? s barrel confronting us and firing straight at us. Another great illustration would be the lucifer between the Equus caballuss legs on the street and the hoods legs as they walk down the hall toward one of our chief characters. When we hear the Equus caballuss legs halt, we see the hoods legs halt. This helps the audience make the connexion that the hoods merely move when there is noise to cover the sound of their stairss. Another piece of redacting that we should take a expression at are the slices. Slice in? s and Fad out? s are really typical in Westerns, and we see them in both of these western genres, although there are significantly less slices in The Good the Bad and The Ugly, than in Rio Bravo. Sound, and more specifically, music, is really of import for the overall feel of the movie. In Rio Bravo, we have traditional state cheese music, including the ol? sing-a-long platitude? . This is perfect for the cheese that we see and hear from the characters. The music in The Good the Bad and the Ugly is much different. It is much more dramatic and orchestrated. It seems like more dateless music. An exclusion would be the subject music that appears when something? cool? is about to or presently go oning. These eerie whistle-like sounds cut through everything and allow us cognize when something of import is go oning. Let? s now move to illuming. This is an country where we see more major differences between the two movies. Rio Bravo uses the traditional three light system of character illuming. There is the cardinal visible radiation, the fill visible radiation and the back visible radiation. This creates full and soft characteristics for the characters. The Good the Bad and The Ugly is a far throw from this manner. In most of the scenes there is merely one major visible radiation beginning. ( cardinal visible radiation ) There is normally a strong key visible radiation, no back visible radiation, and really small, if any, fill visible radiation. This makes for dark shadows and crisp characteristics. This creates really dramatic illuming for the scenes. Everything seems more intense and powerful. Let? s non forget Cinematography. How about some generalisations. Many of the shootings from The Good the Bad and the Ugly have a really deep deepness of focal point compared to a much more shallow deepness of focal point in Rio Bravo. There are besides much deeper rapid climbs in The Good the Bad and the Ugly than in Rio Bravo. There are besides many platitudes that we need to discourse. First of all, allow? s talk about the names and nick-names. In Rio Bravo, all of the heros have? clever? small names. We hold Chance, Colorado, Dude, and Stumpy. We see these type of names show up in The Good the Bad and the Ugly. In this movie we have, Blondie, Angel Eyes, and Shorty ( non present really long ) . Another platitude is the? bad cat gets changeable and falls from high above the land to his death. ? In both movies we see this drama true as bad cats autumn from balks and edifices.

Nature and Purpose of Planning free essay sample

It is a blue print of business growth and a road map of development. * the conscious, systematic process of making decisions about goals and activities to be pursued in the future. * It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. * It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in view the resources. * It predicts what the future should look like. Formal procedures used in such an endeavor, such as the creation of documents, diagrams, or meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, the objectives to be met, and the strategy to be followed. is also a management process, concerned with defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and resources to be used in order to attain those goals. To meet the goals, managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing plan. Planning always has a purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and Purpose of Planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose may be achievement of certain goals or targets. The planning helps to achieve these goals or target by using the available time and resources. To minimize the timing and resources also require proper planning. The concept of planning is to identify what the organization wants to do by using the four questions which are * where are we today in terms of our business or strategy planning? * Where are we going?. . . Where do we want to go?. . . How are we going to get there? Planning refers to the practice and the profession associated with the idea of planning (land use planning, urban planning or spatial planning). In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as planning and the professionals which operate the system are known as planners.

The Plymouth Agreement Essays

The Plymouth Agreement Essays The Plymouth Agreement Essay The Plymouth Agreement Essay The Plymouth Agreement appears as a Organic Act document resembling a pseudo preamble. The very first statement in the document contains a legal oath made between residents â€Å" We, the associates of New-Plymouth†that found a people†(19) â€Å"Coming hither as freeborn† defines who they are as legal freeman who sworn an oath. it creates a citizen with political rights and duties†(Lutz15) â€Å"subjects of the State of England† claims loyalty to there colonial charter sponsor England. The formation of government is stated clearly in â€Å"endowed with all and singular the privileges belonging to such being assembled;†(19) Enables a power base of government through contributors in the Assembly or Court . Generally when using the the terms they are usually connected with legal and religious oaths â€Å"doe ordaine Constitute and enact†(19) are seem to empower the assembly to be the ruling representative powerâ€Å"that noe act imposition law or ordinance be made or imposed upon us at present, or to come†(19) This statement shows contempt for any other power to reign supreme over assembly other then the England thus claiming a viable sovereignty. The people of Plymouth show a willingness to be governed over by a body of their peers through means of assembly using English common law â€Å"consent of the body of associates or their representatives legally assembled; which is according to the free liberties of England. †(19) The last statement recognizes England as the legitimate power and the†body of associates† as the standing power. When contrasting The Mayflower Compact with the Plymouth Agreement the first very important difference is a complete omission element of religious covenant in Plymouth agreement comparatively. Seemingly as if the religious covenant IE.. Mayflower Compact evolved into a legal covenant IE.. Plymouth Agreement. Second the actual signing of the Mayflower compact is to bind each freeborn citizen in public sight. The Plymouth took no such liberty in making a public list of signing. In comparison they both affirmed their loyalty to England. Although the Compact shows a much closer relationship between religion and loyalty to country and King specifically. Another similarity is the use of specific legal terms. This shows intention of government and constitution building using the common law system. The Plymouth Agreement implies that the people have a self understanding of the process involved in self governing. The ability of a country to be able become a sovereign entity is a long painful journey which will soon become war. During the writing of the document the creators felt as though they were in control of there destiny. And to a large extent they were actually more on there own then they realized. Another implication of there self understanding for example in The Mayflower Compact each member signed and proclaimed an oath of responsibility to God and King . In the Plymouth Agreement the less formal process of signing and taking an oath implies that the memberships understanding of each other was more confident each others ability to take anonymous responsibility. First the direction that they as town and community were progressing. Second to make correct judgments in holding the legal system together. This implies a great deal of trust in each other to remain grounded and not allow fellow freeman to become to powerful. This document really shows a great deal of intention to become a sovereign power using very politically charged rhetoric.

Josephine Baker, Dancer, Singer, Activist, and Spy

Josephine Baker, Dancer, Singer, Activist, and Spy Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald; June 3, 1906–April 12, 1975) was an American-born singer,  dancer, and civil rights activist who overwhelmed Parisian audiences in the 1920s to become one of the most popular entertainers in France. She spent her youth in poverty in the U.S. before learning to dance and finding success on Broadway, then moving to France. When racism soured her return to the U.S., she took up the cause of civil rights. Fast Facts: Josephine Baker Known For: Singer,  dancer, civil rights activistKnown As: â€Å"Black Venus,† â€Å"Black Pearl†Born: June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, MissouriParents: Carrie McDonald, Eddie CarsonDied: April 12, 1975 in Paris, FranceAwards and Honors: Croix de Guerre,  Legion of HonourSpouses: Jo Bouillon,  Jean Lion,  William Baker,  Willie WellsChildren: 12 (adopted)Notable Quote: Beautiful? Its all a question of luck. I was born with good legs. As for the rest...beautiful, no. Amusing, yes. Early Life Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald on June 3, 1906, in St. Louis, Missouri. Bakers mother Carrie McDonald had hoped to be a music hall dancer but made her living doing laundry. Her father Eddie Carso, was a drummer for  vaudeville  shows. Baker left school at age 8 to work for a white woman as a maid. At the age of 10, she returned to school. She witnessed the East St. Louis  race riot of 1917 before running away when she was 13. After watching the dancers in a local vaudeville house and honing her skills in clubs and street performances, she toured the United States with the Jones Family Band and the Dixie Steppers, performing comedic skits. Getting Started At 16, Baker began dancing in a touring show based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where her grandmother lived. By this time, she had already been married twice: to Willie Wells in 1919 and to Will Baker, from whom she took her last name, in 1921. In August 1922, Baker joined the chorus line of the touring show  Shuffle Along in Boston, Massachusetts before moving to New York City to perform with the  Chocolate Dandies  at the Cotton Club and with the floor show at the Plantation Club in Harlem. Audiences loved her clowning, mugging, improvising comic style, foreshadowing her style as an entertainer. Paris In 1925 Baker moved to Paris, France, more than doubling her New York salary to $250 a week to dance at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre des Champs Elysà ©es in La Revue Nà ¨gre  with other African-American dancers and musicians, including jazz star Sidney Bechet. Her performance style, referred to as Le Jazz Hot and Danse Sauvage, took her to international fame riding the wave of French intoxication for American jazz and exotic nudity. She sometimes performed wearing just a feather skirt. She became one of the most popular music-hall entertainers in France, achieving star billing at the  Folies-Bergà ¨re dancing seminude in a G-string ornamented with bananas. She quickly became the favorite of artists and intellectuals such as painter  Pablo Picasso, poet E.E. Cummings,  playwright  Jean Cocteau, and writer  Ernest Hemingway. Baker became one of the best-known entertainers in France and all of Europe, her exotic, sensual act reinforcing the creative forces coming out of the Harlem Renaissance in America. She sang professionally for the first time in 1930 and made her screen debut four years later, appearing in several films before  World War II  curtailed her movie career. Return to the US In 1936, Baker returned to the United States to perform in the  Ziegfield Follies, hoping to establish herself in her home country, but she was met with hostility and racism and quickly went back to France. She married French industrialist Jean Lion and obtained citizenship from the country that had embraced her. During the war, Baker worked with the Red Cross and gathered intelligence for the French Resistance during the German occupation of France, smuggling messages hidden in her sheet music and her underwear. She also entertained troops in Africa and the Middle East. The French government later honored her with the  Croix de Guerre  and the  Legion of Honour. Baker and her fourth husband, Joseph †Jo† Bouillon, bought an estate she named Les Milandes in Castelnaud-Fayrac, in southwestern France. She moved her family there from St. Louis and, after the war, adopted 12 children from around the world, making her home a world village and a showplace for brotherhood. She returned to the stage in the 1950s to finance this project. Civil Rights Baker was in the U.S. in 1951 when she was refused service at the famous Stork Club in New York City. Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club that evening, was disgusted by the racist snub and walked out arm in arm with Baker in a show of support, the start of a friendship that would last until Baker’s death. Baker responded to the event by crusading for racial equality, refusing to entertain in clubs or theaters that werent integrated and breaking the color barrier at many establishments. The media battle that followed almost triggered revocation of her visa by the State Department. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Martin Luther King Jr. Bakers world village fell apart in the 1950s. She and Bouillon divorced, and in 1969 she was evicted from her chateau, which was sold at auction to pay debts. Kelly, by then princess Grace of Monaco, gave her a villa. In 1973 Baker became romantically involved with American Robert Brady and began her stage comeback. Death In 1975, Bakers Carnegie Hall comeback performance was a success. In April she performed at the Bobino Theater in Paris, the first of a planned series of appearances celebrating the 50th anniversary of her Paris debut. But two days after that performance, on April 12, 1975, she died of a stroke at 68 in Paris. Legacy On the day of her funeral, over 20,000 people lined the streets of Paris to witness the procession. The French government honored her with a 21-gun salute, making her the first American woman to be buried in France with military honors. Baker had remained a bigger success abroad than in her home country. Racism tainted her return visits until her Carnegie Hall performance, but she had a profound influence worldwide as an African-American woman who had overcome a childhood of deprivation to become a dancer, singer, actress, civil rights activist, and even a spy. Sources Josephine Baker Biography: Singer, Civil Rights Activist, Dancer. Biography.com.Josephine Baker: French Entertainer. Encyclopedia Britannica.Josephine Baker Biography. Notablebiographies.com.Dancer, Singer, Activist, Spy: The Legacy of  Josephine Baker. Anothermag.com.Josephine Baker: The Black Venus. Filmstarfacts.com

Sexual Harassment lawsuits often include wrongful discharge Essay

Sexual Harassment lawsuits often include wrongful discharge - Essay Example More specifically, after announcing the relevant decision, an employee has to leave his/ her work without – practical – having any financial claim (compensation, lost benefits and so on) against the employer. Of course, the fact that employee was forced to quit – i.e. that it was not his/ her own willing but the result of the pressure made on him/ her because of specific facts taking place in the workplace – maybe leave space for relevant claims. In law, such a situation is commonly known as constructive wrongful discharge; employees that were forced to quit do not always manage to persuade the court regarding the facts on which their decision was based – i.e. a constructive wrongful discharge is rather difficult to be proved in practice; as a result an employee who suffered sexual harassment can be left with no work and no compensation even if he/ she had no other alternative but to proceed to the specific reaction (i.e. to quit). The specific issue has been extensively examined in the Courts across USA; the court’s decisions tend to vary in accordance with the circumstances of each particular case and the ability of the employee to convince the Court regarding the real facts of the particular conflict. In any case it has been proved that sexual harassment lawsuits are based on their majority on constructive wrongful discharge. The various aspects of sexual harassment are not particular difficult to be understood. They can involve in both verbal and actual harassment that is characterized by sexual references by the other employee’s (including the manager’s) side. The specific issue (sexual harassment is not easy to be described and analyzed especially if taking into account the conditions in modern workplace). In accordance with Feary (1994, 649) ‘sexual harassment does not result from ignorance about fact or law; it is a problem which will be resolved only when